Crop residues management with conservation agriculture. A copy of the five other regional reports on crop residue management to reduce erosion and improve soil quality can be obtained from the conservation technology information center, 1220 potter drive, room 170, west lafayette, in 47906 fax 3174945969, telephone 317494. Crop rotations that utilize the land more intensively such as corn, wheat and soybeans grown in two years produce larger amounts of biomass during the rotation and are more effective in reducing erosion than a continuous cropping sequence heath et al 1976. Pdf the role of crop residues in improving soil fertility. Crop residues are materials left on cultivated land after the crop has been harvested. In addition, cellulose is linear, hemicellulose may be short branched and lignin is a threedimensional polymer. Several implements can be used to do this field cultivators, sweeps or blades and chisels. A guide to managing crop residues corn and soybeans. Chapter 7 use of crop residues and straw decay factor or humification rate table 11 and t is year.
About 40 percent of the nitrogen n, 30 to 35 percent of the phosphorus p, 80 to 85 percent of the potassium k, and 40 to. To evaluate the effect of residue type and placement on rate of decomposition and carbon c and nitrogen n mineralization, residues from two food crops, maize zea mays l. Chemical composition of the crop residues chemical composition of maize stover, haricot bean haulms and tef straw produced in the study area is given in table 1. These residues include stalks and stubble, leaves, and seed pods. Tillage system, crops and crop residue management are key to the content and turnover of som. There is a huge potential for yield increase of agricultural crop residues and biomass from forestry in the european union, ukraine, russia and belarus. Effect of crop residues on the soil chemical environment and nutrient availability. Crop residue management systems, asa special publication 31, 1978.
The largest quantities of agricultural residues and wastes are from the major commodity crops. Emission of air pollutants from crop residue burning in india. Changes in the chemical composition of sugarcane crop. Nov 10, 2017 research shows that the sustainable crop residue harvest percentage in annual cropping systems is influenced by many factors, including the length of time that the field was cultivated, crop rotation, soil texture, climatic conditions, initial carbon content of the soil, and crop yields. The concentration of nutrients in crop residues varies with season, management practice, time of harvest, and location. Composition and decomposing mechanisms general types of crop residues produced by the main cereal crops and sugar cane are summarized in the table2. Determining nutritive value of cereal crop residues and. Morphology, composition, and mixing state of individual particles emitted from crop residue, wood, and solid waste combustion in a residential stove. Pathak and others published crop residues management with conservation agriculture. Crop residues, such as leaves, stems and roots, when left onin the soil, release the nutrients they contain. The effects of growing overwinter mustard cover crops preceding processing tomato lycopersicon escultentum mill. Potential use of crop residues as livestock feed resources. Evaporation research dates back into the 1930s when russel reported on work with small canister type lysimeters russel, 1939.
We define t1excessll residues as that amount produced over the mini mum required to maintain soil fertility and control erosion. Different residues types of winter and spring oilseed rape, winter wheat and red clover were incorporated into the soil in a field experiment. The residue can be ploughed directly into the ground, or burned first. Decomposition dynamics and changes in chemical composition. Average percentage composition of harvested crop residues drymatter basis. Crop residues left in the field after grain harvest have a large potential as a bioenergy feedstock. For e ach crop, the residue to crop ratio were varied. Morphology, composition, and mixing state of primary. Decomposition, nitrogen and carbon mineralization from food.
Soil aeration is a crucial factor that regulates crop residue decomposition, and the chemical composition of decomposing crop residues may change the forms and availability of soil nutrients, such as n and p. Crop residues and soil carbon rattan lal carbon management and sequestration center the ohio state university, columbus, oh 43210 usa lal. Indoor combustion of crop residues for cooking or heating is one of the most important emission sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pahs in developing countries. Composition of leaves and roots of leguminous and grass species 14 6. Burning of natural vegetation and crop residues 17 overgrazing 17. The carbon cycle and soil organic carbon agronomy fact sheet series field crops extension 1 college of agriculture and life sciences carbon and the carbon cycle carbon c is one of the most common elements in the universe and found virtually everywhere on earth. The importance of crop residues in maintaining soil organic.
Table 1 average crop parameters for organic matter production on agricultural land. Land is already committed to the production of crop residues. Crop residues and soil types play an important role in soil c and n storage. Crop residues represent substantial global stores of fiber, energy, and plant nutrients, even when they are compared with the largest commercial sources of these commoditieswood pulp, fossil fuels, and synthetic fertilizers. Crop residues usually consist of the aboveground part of cereal plants after grain removal. The importance of soil organic matter key to droughtresistant soil and sustained food production fao soils bulletin fao soils bulletin 80 8 0 f a o t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f s o i l o r g a n i c m a t t e r k e t o d r o u g h tr e s i s t a n t s o i l a n d s u s t a i n e d f o o d p r o d u c t i o n 80 i s s n 0 2 5 32 0 5 0. The influence of crop residues type on their decomposition. The complete book on organic farming and production of. The most common time scales used are days after application daa, degreedays dd and decompositiondays dcd. Pdf crop residues management with conservation agriculture. Fairhurst straw is the only organic material available in significant quantities to most rice farmers. The objectives of this study were to quantify the effects of crop residue quality and interactions with soil type on soil c and n, in the short and mediumterm, and to determine the responses related to the priming effect pe. The data about residue yield was mainly collected through published literature.
Rice husk had the highest hydrophobic composition of btx and pah compounds than other biochars. Several researchers have estimated the emission of different species from crop residue burning using ipcc factors, but they have covered only few gaseous. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of crop residue type, chemical composition and amount of microorganisms on residue decomposition rate in the soil. Management of crop residues for sustainable crop production. Good residue management practices on agricultural lands have many positive impacts on soil quality. They are potentially rich sources of energy because up to 80 percent of their dry matter dm consists of polysaccharides. Various options for the recycling of crop residues that are sustainable and. Potential, constraints and policy needs find, read and cite all the research you need. The most easily estimated costa ssociated with crop residue harvest is the value of the nutrients removed. Excessive levels of residue may be an obstacle in the adoption of conservation farming systems. Maximising the yield of biomass from residues of agricultural. There is growing concern about childrens exposure to pesticides and their special susceptibility. Decomposition of cereal crop residues is associated with fi ber and nutrient content, and growers have observed diff erences in decomposition among cultivars.
Ijerph free fulltext crop residue burning in india. We have little knowledge, however, of the residual impacts of crop residues on soil. Utilization of rice straw and different treatments to. Predicting crop residue decomposition using moisture. Plant residues consist basically of the same components, but the proportions can vary between species, plants of the same species, organs of the same plant, and crop conditions. Farmers handbook on basic agriculture acknowledgement h igher demand for agricultural raw material is now anticipated and agriculture is not any more about producing farm products and selling them exclusively at the local market. Biochar characteristics of agricultural crop residues proceedings of 31st ndthe iier international conference, bangkok, thailand, 2 aug. These crop residues, specifically as a field residue is a natural resource that traditionally contributed to the soil stability and fertility through ploughing directly into the soil, or by composting. Soil biota contribute to soil health and sustainable crop production in a number of ways including nutrient cycling, soil. How the chemical composition and heterogeneity of crop. Maize stover had relatively lower crude protein cp content than both haricot bean haulms. Instead farmers today have a world market to serve.
They included the sorghum stovers ss and its threshed head residues sth, millet stovers ms and its threshed head residues mth, corn stover cs, wheat ws and barley bs straws. Tiwari rk, garg ak and singh p 20 changes in the chemical composition of sugarcane crop residues treated with different levels of urea and moisture, veterinary world 612. Soil fertility is a measure of the ability of soil to sustain satisfactory crop growth in the longterm, and can be determined by physical, chemical and biological processes intrinsically linked to soil organic matter content and quality fig. Identification of readily testable characteristics that can improve predictions of the release of nutrients from a range of crop residues would allow for more efficient residue management. A laboratory study was conducted using a longterm since 1999 field experiment on a clay loam soil to determine the effect of three crop residues and two n fertilizer levels on swr and soil hydrophobicity under notill within the dark brown soil zone of the semiarid canadian prairies. Crop residues or low quality hay combined with byproducts as a forage substitute, ec2099 pdf 310kb grazing crop residues with beef cattle, ec278 pdf 2. The importance of soil organic matter food and agriculture. Crop residue type fragile crop residues such as soybean stubble are more easily buried than larger, coarse residues such as corn stalks. Crop residue decomposition is generally described by exponential decay functions with empirically determined decay constants. Residual effects of crop residues on grain production and selected soil properties j. The chemical composition and in situ dry matter dm and organic matter om degradability of seven different cereal crop residues were evaluated in this study. The harvest refuses include straws, stubble, stover and haulms of different crops.
Learning to farm with crop residues takes time, and farmers new to crop residue management will make some mistakes. Crop residue management an overview sciencedirect topics. When n was applied as crop residues, its retention in the soil was higher than for fertilizer n, but its recovery by plants was poor, as mentioned above. Children are not little adults, and may have higher exposures and greater vulnerability at both high and low levels of exposure. Crop residue agricultural research management to conservation. Decomposition of cereal crop residues is associated with fiber and nutrient content, and growers have observed differences in decomposition among cultivars. Cover crops are a major focus of conservation agriculture efforts because they can provide soil cover and increase nutrient availability after their mineralization in cropping systems.
There is no charge in this analysis for land because crop residues are produced in greater amounts than they can be used economically. General types of crop residues produced by the main cereal crops and sugar cane are summarized in the table 2. Unfortunately, this book cant be printed from the openbook. As a byproduct of grain production these residues have been called waste, yet research has shown their nutrient, erosion, and soil carbon characteristics have value that must not be overlooked. But under notill and other systems where crop residues are retained, the content of som in the soil surface layer can sometimes increase beyond the level of that explicable by the reduction in soil erosion and effects resulting from the lack of mixing. In the texas panhandle, the most common stubblemulch implement is the vblade plow originated by noble. Biochemical composition influences plant residue decomposition and microbial communities in the soil.
Residue composition influences nutrient release from crop. American society of agronomy, crop science society of america, and soil science society of america. Lemma, 2002 indicate that the contribution of crop residues to the annual livestock feed requirement reaches 40 to 50%. Evaporation and crop residues for many years, crop residues in dryland cropping systems have been credited for suppressing evaporation from soil surfaces. This crp supported national efforts in eleven member states to identify options managing crop residues for sustainable agricultural production and environmental preservation in a wide range of soils and cropping systems.
Ort mustard cover crops are ineffective in suppressing. G1846 harvesting crop residues university of nebraska. Stubble mulch tillage and ecofallow have followed in the. Bagasse consists of hard crop based animal production system is one of and soft fibers. The importance of soil organic matter home food and. Emissions of pahs from indoor crop residue burning in a. Retention of crop residues after harvesting is considered to be an effective antierosion measure. The calculated utilization of rice straw for animal feed in south east asia, including china and mongolia, was 3040% of the total rice straw production devendra, 1997. According to the 1996 book nutrient requirements of beef cattle, the nutrient composition of crop residue early in the postharvest grazing season is as follows in percentages. Wilhelm abstract returning crop residue improves water conservation and storage, nutrient availability, and crop yields. However, burning and conversion into livestock feed has gradually depleted k reserves in the soil. Crop remains are also from thrashing sheds or that are discarded during crop processing. Crop residues and soil carbon abstract no till club. The role of crop residues in improving soil fertility.
Economic research service page images at hathitrust usda crop residue management action plan. How the chemical composition and heterogeneity of crop residue mixtures decomposing at the soil surface affect c and n mineralization article in soil biology and biochemistry 78. The book provides you with comprehensive information on organic farming and related methods of farming. Lignocellulosic crop residue composting by cellulolytic. The description of crop residue for each crop includes availability of residue from each crop, factors affecting the residue yield and sustainable removal rate for each crop.
Nutrient composition of corn residue varies significantlyespecially as the grazing season progresses. The captions under each photograph with the asterisk describe. If you need to print pages from this book, we recommend downloading it as a pdf. The carbon cycle and soil organic carbon cornell university. Pesticides are ubiquitous in the environment and most are synthetic. Fragil residues decompose more quickly, and may be blown away. Crop residues are the noneconomic plant parts that are left in the field after harvest. Farming with crop residues is different than planting in cleantilled ground not necessarily harder, just different. Cultivars of spring barley sb, spring wheat sw, and winter wheat ww grown at four locations over two crop years were. Potential, constraints and policy needs book january 2012 with 11,308 reads how we measure reads. Chemical composition of residue from cereal crops and.
The importance of soil organic matter key to droughtresistant soil and sustained food production. Soil management practices that improve soil health. Decomposition dynamics and changes in chemical composition of. A decision support tool to evaluate the economics, ec290 pdf 175kb download support tool excel spreadsheet file. Crop residue quality and soil type influence the priming. Residue composition is dominated by cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin barreveld 1989.
Field residues are materials left in an agricultural field or orchard after the crop has been harvested. Chemical composition of decom posing crop residues, loss of their dry mass and spread of different groups of microorganisms were determined. Its best to set equipment to work shallower, drive slower, and use tillage points that fracture the soil rather than turn to throw it. At the end of each decomposition period factor b, a set of 40 litterbags was sampled.
The book aims to provide you with many other profitable information about the method of obtaining sustainable agricultural and organic farming. Farming with crop residues, a brochure published by the nrcs, presents photographs of various percentages of ground cover that can be expected using different tillage techniques use these photographs of residue amounts to get a good picture in your mind of what the various percentages of ground cover might look like as you look down at evenly distributed residues. Crop residues crop residues are important feed resources in the mixed crop livestock production system. The journals, books and magazines published by the asa, cssa and sssa are now hosted exclusively on the wiley online library. Rice straw management international plant nutrition. The composition of residues in terms of soluble and fiber fractions determines whether and to what extent, n is immobilized. Farming with crop residues february 1992 how to use the photos use these photographs of residue amounts to get a good picture in your mind of what the various percentages of ground cover might look like as you look down at evenly distributed residues. However, data on pah emission factors efs for burning crop residues indoor, particularly those measured in the field, were scarce, leading to large uncertainties in the emission inventories. Fragile residues are produced from most vegetables, peanuts, grapes, and small grains harvested with a rotary combine. Biochemical composition of green manures and crop residues. Influence of crop residues and nitrogen fertilizer on soil. That is why residue incorporation has, over the years been the chief source of this element. Crop residues can improve soil structure, increase organic matter content in the soil, reduce evaporation, and help fix co 2 in the soil.